La percezione dei colori: come sono i colori per le api?

701 commenti / api / Di

Proprio la settimana scorsa abbiamo parlato degli immensi prati gialli di colza. Un infinito tappeto sofficioso, di un giallo brillante come il sole. Le posso capire le api, che ci si fiondano appena possono. Mi ci tufferei pure io. E cosí oggi come primo articolo del mese di Novembre – mese dal grigiume palpabile per eccellenza – vogliamo metterci un po’ di colore e vogliamo parlarti di come le api percepiscono i colori. Si perché pensandoci bene i colori li conosciamo bene, sono anche tra quelle prime parole che si imparano quando ci si avvicina ad una nuova lingua. O hai mai notato? Quanti giochi e attivitá coi colori per i bimbi giá dall’asilo nido vengono proposte! Ora viene da chiedersi: ma la nostra idea di colore é uguale a quella delle api? Come percepiscono i colori le api? Ci sono dei colori che percepiscono in modo diverso rispetto a noi? E i fiori cosí meravigliosamente colorati: sará un modo per attirare gli impollinatori?

Karl Von Frisch e la percezione dei colori delle api

Chi é particolarmente appassionato di apicoltura é facile che abbia giá sentito nominare un certo Karl Von Frisch (1886 – 1982). Se ti suona nuovo nessun problema, puoi sempre rimediare e ti consiglio il suo libro „Il linguaggio delle api“. Un libricino interessantissimo sulle api e il loro modo di comunicare e percepire quanto le circonda. Questo signore non é proprio una persona qualunque tra l’altro: esperto numero di uno nonché professor emerito di zoologia, tra le varie cose, ha scoperto tantissimo sulle api grazie a diversi esperimenti. Nel 1973 ha ricevuto il premio Nobel per la fisiologia e la medicina. Grazie ai suoi studi oggigiorno sappiamo che sí, c’é una correlazione tra i colori dei fiori e il ruolo di impollinatori delle api. Grazie ai colori e i profumi dei fiori, le api trovano e ritrovano piú facilmente quello che per loro sono fonti di cibo. Non é un rubare nettare senza dare nulla in cambio. É un mutuo scambio nel quale le api, in cambio di un po’ di nettare, permettono la riproduzione delle piante grazie all’impollinazione. La natura e il suo equilibrio perfetto, che bello!

Karl e i suoi millemila esperimenti

Hai mai riflettutto sulla percezione dei colori delle api?
Api e colori…eterno amore 🙂

Ovviamente il signor Von Frish é giunto a determinate conclusioni solo dopo una serie di esperimenti e osservazioni sulle api. Partendo proprio dallo scoprire di piú sulla percezione del colore, aveva preparato un cartoncino azzurro profumato di miele che ovviamente le api continuavano a visitare. Dopo un po’ di tempo ha tolto quest’ultimo e messo un cartoncino rosso e un altro sempre azzurro ma entrambi senza alcuna fragranza. Le api continuavano a posarsi comunque sul cartoncino azzurro. Tuttavia, da questo primissimo esperimento non era chiaro se le api avessero distinto veramente i due colori in quanto tali o fossero percepiti solo come sfumature diverse. Un po’ come un daltonico distingue i colori. Quindi?? quindi nulla, l’esperimento continua ovviamente! Mette sempre il solito cartoncino azzurro con l’esca e tutt’intorno cartoncini grigi con ogni possibile gradazione esistente dal bianco al nero. Lí, il passettino in piú: le api sono andate ancora sull’azzurro! Questo a riconferma che sí, le api percepiscono i colori.

La percezione dei colori: ci sono dei colori che non le attraggono?

Continuando i vari esperimenti, si é capito che non solo sono attratte dall’azzurro, ma anche dall’arancione, dal giallo, dal verde, dal violetto e dal porpora. Mentre, senti un po’ questa: reagiscono allo stesso modo al rosso e al nero. Che significa? Le api non vedono il rosso. Dunque é vero che le api percepiscono i colori, ma non esattamente come noi. Inoltre, certi colori per loro sono molto piú simili tra di loro rispetto a quello che percepiamo noi. Per esempio, facilmente confondono l’azzurro con il violetto e il porpora, e il giallo con l’arancione e il verde,

Ci sono dei colori che le api vedono e noi no?

Tu che dici?… la risposta é siiiii! Loro vedono perfettamente l’ultravioletto, che per noi invece é completamente invisibile. Inoltre, esiste anche il cosiddetto „bianco delle api“. Per noi umani il bianco significa ‘mancanza di colore’, se mettiamo insieme tutti i colori che conosciamo, otteniamo il bianco. Per le api invece il bianco delle api é l’insieme dei colori percepiti dall’ape (quindi per loro anche l’ultravioletto). Il nostro bianco per le api puó essere visto in due modi diversi: se contiene anche l’ultravioletto, che noi non vediamo, é il ‘bianco delle api’. E senza l’ultravioletto? Le api lo vedono come un verde-bluastro brillante! Pensaci la prossima volta che vedi dei fiori bianchi 🙂

Le api e la percezione del rosso

Ma sta storia che non vedono il rosso? Ma veramente? Ebbene sí, un colore cosí bello, acceso e sgargiante, a loro non fa ne caldo ne freddo! É anche per questo motivo che non esitono poi tutti questi fiori di colore rosso in Europa, come fa notare Von Frisch nel suo libricino. Non ci avevo mai fatto caso ma in effetti é proprio cosí: in confronto agli altri colori sono molto piú rari. Ció proprio per questo motivo, perché gli insetti che li dovrebbero impollinare non lo percepiscono. Sempre Von Frisch, ci dice che invece in Africa e in America ci sono molte piú specie di fiori scarlatti. Tuttavia, si tratta di fiori non solo impollinati da insetti, ma soprattutto da colibrí che sono invece attratti proprio dal rosso. Nulla al caso dunque! 🙂

Ehi non mi freghi…e i papaveri?

Si appunto, me lo stavo chiedendo pure io quando ho scoperto questa cosa del rosso! Il primo fiore rosso che mi era venuto in mente erano i papaveri e quelli li vedo spesso e volentieri, c’é qualcosa di particolare riguardo quelli? Sí, altra piccola grande curiositá: i papaveri riflettono i raggi ultravioletti del sole pertanto le api sono attrattate da questi ma non per il loro colore rosso ma per la luce ultravioletta che riflettono. Quindi le api hanno una visione dei papaveri decisamente diversa dalla nostra!

… Pazzesco, non solo le api percepiscono i colori ma i fiori hanno determinati colori proprio per adattarsi ai loro visitatori. Trovo assolutamente affascinante questa simbiosi continua nella natura, questo equilibrio bellissimo che esiste da sempre e che non possiamo che ammirare, rispettare e prendere come esempio. Tu che ne pensi? Ti é piaciuta questa spruzzatina di colore? E ora che sai che colori piacciono alle api, puoi iniziare a pensare che fiorellini piantare per la prossima primavera 😉 quali ti ispirano??

Un abbraccio,

I Gaeblini

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