Lo sapevi che le api comunicano tra di loro?

675 commenti / api / Di

Giornata calda, molto calda, di piena estate. Mentre si ispezionava un’arnia, io e Basti.

„Vedi vedi, vedi come si muove quell’ape?“

„Eh si, cosa vuol dire?? Non sta bene???“

„Certo che sta bene, é il suo modo di comunicare dov’é il nettare alle altre…“

Ah! No, decisamente questa mi era nuova, tra le millemila cose che le api sono in grado di fare, c’é pure questa: la comunicazione! Le api comunicano tra di loro! Ma quanto sono avanti?? Ma alt un attimo, come sarebbe a dire che le api comunicano tra di loro? Cioé? In che modo? Che succede? E che si dicono? Cosa si dovrebbero comunicare di cosí importante?

Le api comunicano tra di loro…anche fin troppo bene!

Un paio di mesi fa una dolce ragazza di Firenze mi ha contattato su Instagram perché aveva un problema con delle api. Dico “dolce ragazza” anche perché lavora in una pasticceria 🙂 questo il suo messaggio:

´Ciao! Come stai? Scusami se ti scrivo ma ho visto che vivi con le api…volevo chiederti un consiglio: lavoro in pasticceria e da una settimana siamo pieni di api che vengono a mangiare sui dolcini, sia dentro che fuori dal negozio. Abbiamo chiamato 6 apicoltori e nessuno ha saputo aiutarci. Ci hanno detto di mettere dello zucchero con l’acqua fuori ma è stato peggio. Abbiamo chiamato i vigili e i pompieri ma nessuno interviene. Aceto e cose simili non funzionano…pensavo magari conoscevate qualcosa altro´

Immagina: siamo a fine settembre, le risorse nettarifere cominciano a scarseggiare (sicuramente non si puó banchettare a gogo come nei mesi precedenti, ecco). Un’apina alla ricerca disperata di cibo é capitata nella pasticceria di questa ragazza e…Perché adesso é stra pieno di api a tutte le ore? Non c’é nessun nido, né niente di simile, solo tante api che hanno trovato zucchero a volontá e che ogni qual volta un cliente entra, lo seguono a ruota. La risposta é che la prima ape esploratrice, una volta tornata al suo alveare, ha comunicato la scoperta alle sorelle e da lí il passaparola si é fatto sempre piú forte fino a diventare visitatrici assidue delle pasticceria. Quindi in primis, una delle cose principali che le api comunicano é la fonte di cibo.

Ok, le api comunicano tra di loro…ma come?

Ti ricordi il libro che ho menzionato l’ultima volta? Quello interessantissimo di Karl von Frisch? Beh il titolo é il linguaggio delle api e non a caso c’é proprio un intero capitolo riguardante solo questo. La domanda sorge spontanea: come caspita comunicano questi esserini? La risposta mette il sorriso: danzando! Eh giá, sono delle ballerine niente male e a seconda dei movimenti che compiono trasmettono determinati messaggi. L’ape bottinatrice una volta di ritorno all’arnia compie una danza circolare, le sorelle che seguono la danza, ormai su di giri, partono alla ricerca della stessa fonte di cibo. E ad ogni ritorno all’alveare, ci saranno ancora piú api pronte a danzare e a comunicare la risorsa nettarifera trovata. Va da se che visiteranno quello stesso luogo un numero sempre maggiore di api.

Come fanno a capire che fiore visitare?

Ok, a questo punto potresti dire “va bene, l’ape compie determinati movimenti, le altre capiscono che ha trovato del nettare nei paraggi, ma poi? Da lí a capire dove andare ce ne vuole, no?”. Vero, ma il punto é che l’ape comunica molto di piú con questa danza.

le api comunicano alle sorelle dove trovare il nettare
Api all’opera

Come spiega Von Frisch, anche queste conclusioni sono giunte dopo tanti esperimenti, le api distinguono prima di tutto il profumo dei fiori che dovranno visitare. Recepiscono molto bene questo odore e non esiteranno a ritrovarlo. Per quello abbiamo detto che impollinano la stessa specie di fiore…perché é proprio quella che stanno cercando! Ma come sentono il profumo del fiore? Voglio dire, manco fossero un cane da tartufo, no?…Lo fanno attraverso ben due modi: innanzitutto, attraverso le antenne annusano il profumo rimasto ancora addosso alla gioiosa ape danzante. Dopodiché, attraverso un assaggio del nettare appena raccolto, che é ancora saturo del profumo del fiorellino.

Altro che navigatore satellitare!

Il profumo é sicuramente un primo importantissimo step per trovare il fiore nel momento in cui ci si trova nei paraggi. Tuttavia, le api possono raggiungere risorse nettarifere fino a un raggio di 3 km…come fanno a capire da che parte cominciare?? Come fanno a sapere che direzione prendere? Se c’é tanta strada da fare o meno?…e se ti dicessi che pure questo gli viene brillantemente comunicato? Difatti attraverso quella che von Frisch chiama la danza dell’addome, compiono un breve tratto in linea retta, muovendo velocemente l’addome, dopodiché compiono movimenti circolari. Cosí per piú volte. Con la danza dell’addome le api comunicano quanto la risorsa nettarifera sia lontana. Difatti la durata dell’agitazione dell’addome é proporzionale alla distanza da percorrere per raggiungere quel cibo (ad esempio, se dura mezzo secondo, dista circa 300 metri, mentre 4 secondi sono 4500 metri). L’ape si rende conto di quanta distanza ha percorso in base all’energia che ha consumato. Troppo grandi! Ma non é finita qui, va bene la distanza, ma la direzione?? La parte iniziale della danza, quella lineare, é legata alla direzione da prendere. Cosa affascinantissima? La bussola delle api é il sole. Anche se é nascosto dalle nuvole, lo percepiscono comunque grazie ai raggi ultravioletti. Mentre se é nascosto dalle nubi nere di un temporale, ovviamente no, ma é anche vero che le api di notte o durante una burrasca non lasciano mai l’arnia in cerca di cibo.

Come non avevo potuto pensarci prima – un insetto sociale per forza doveva trovare il modo di comunicare! E le api comunicano alla grande! Trovi tutto ció molto magico anche tu? Non finiscono mai di stupirmi 🙂 facci sapere cosa ne pensi, siamo curiosi!

Un abbraccio,

i Gaeblini

675 commenti su “Lo sapevi che le api comunicano tra di loro?”

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