come fanno il miele le api?

Come fanno il miele le api?

826 commenti / apicoltura, miele / Di

Alzi la mano chi sa come fanno il miele le api!?

Il miele. Questo liquido dorato irresistibilmente dolce, che possiamo gustare per gentile concessione delle api. Abbiamo approfondito proprio qui Composizione del miele: alla fin fine il miele é composto da…? – Gaeblini la composizione del miele, quindi di base zucchero, acqua e qualche altro ingrediente davvero speciale. Ma come lo producono le api? Da dove nasce? Anche qui, ho sempre apprezzato il miele, ma onestamente non sarei mai stata in grado di spiegare da dove effettivamente venisse. Tuttavia, é giusto essere consumatori consapevoli, no? Abbiamo tutto il diritto di domandarci, ad esempio, da dove vengono le cose che mangiamo e beviamo e di capirne i meccanismi che ci stanno dietro. Che ne dici? Ti va di scoprire come fanno il miele le api, le vere produttrici di miele?

Se ti va di scoprire cosa ci sta dietro ogni vasetto di miele, troverai un po’ di dettagli qua sotto 🙂

Proprio qui Il miele: un mondo veramente meraviglioso! – Gaeblini , abbiamo detto che il miele ha origini vegetali e viene dal nettare bottinato dalle api…ricordi?

Il nettare? Ma come fanno il miele poi??

Ebbene sí proprio il nettare. Poche settimane fa ho posto sui social la domanda ‘da cosa é composto il miele?‘. Mi ha fatto riflettere il fatto che tutti abbiano azzeccato lo zucchero, ma nessuno ha tirato fuori l’acqua. In effetti, non ci sarei mai arrivata nemmeno io 🙂 Il nettare é una sostanza molto acquosa, difatti é composto dal 50-70% di acqua, piú vari zuccheri semplici (fruttosio, glucosio) e zuccheri complessi, come il saccarosio.

Piccolo passettino indietro: perché esiste il nettare? Per attirare gli impollinatori (li avevamo giá nominati qui Ma tu lo sai cosa si sta facendo per gli impollinatori? – Gaeblini), perché la pianta sa che proprio grazie a loro si puó riprodurre. Anche qua la natura che ci incanta, con un equilibrio perfetto tutto suo. Semplicemente super!

Scusa, ritorno sul ‘come fanno il miele le api’ 🙂 ma lo faró tramite la testimonianza di nientepopodimeno che un’ape bottinatrice (sí, ho intervistato pure lei!).

Ciao! Tu sei un’ape bottinatrice, vero??

Si, si, ci ho impiegato un po’ per raggiungere questo livello, ma sai…la gavetta! Ora che sono grande – ho quasi 4 settimane – mi so orientare per bene e posso uscire senza problemi! Posso raggiungere fiori fino a 3 km di raggio, sai? Faccio un sacco di voli tutti i giorni tutto il giorno, non mi ferma niente e nessuno. Ho fatto un calcolo un giorno, cosí per curiositá: peso 85 mg e nella mia sacca melaria riesco a trasportare fino a 70 mg di nettare.

Caspita! Ma mi stavo chiedendo…come fanno il miele le api? Sacca melaria piena e poi??

E poi? E poi torno dalle mie sorelle nel mio alveare, gli lascio velocemente quello che ho raccolto e riparto per rifare il pieno. Poi ci pensano loro con la trofallassi a fare il magheggio…scusa ma ho giá perso troppo tempo, devo volare via adesso! É stato un piacere, ciaaao!

Ecco, lo sapevo…sempre di fretta! Ma la trofallassi??

Capito che forza queste bottinatrici? Per quanto riguarda questo termine strano, trofallassi, cercheró di fartela il piú semplice possibile. Deriva dal latino “cambiare e scambiare” ed é il processo alla base dell’alimentazione sociale delle api. Ti ricordi quando nell’articolo per il mio trentesimo compleanno Eccomi: Cri, l’apicoltrice in erba! – Gaeblini, ti svelavo quanto mi piacesse la dimensione sociale del superorganismo ape? Pure l’alimentazione é sociale!

Le api amano condividere, e devono fare cosí, perché se vogliono riempiere al piú presto la loro sacca melaria, non possono che affidare il nettare raccolto alle altre api. Pertanto, attraverso le loro ingluvie (un organo sociale, una sorta di stomaco speciale) si scambiano quanto appena raccolto. Questa é la trofallassi: la bottinatrice che passa il nettare alla sorella nell’alveare, tramite ingluvie.

Poi che succede? Per passare da nettare a miele, qualcosa deve accadere per forza…no? Assolutamente sí! Avviene un processo enzimatico. Enzimatico – enzimi – giá sentito questa parola anche tu? Gli enzimi, sono quelle sostanze che fanno da starter a processi metabolici, avviano dei procedimenti durante i quali una certa sostanza si trasforma in qualcos’altro. In questo caso: gli zuccheri complessi si trasformano in zuccheri semplici (glucosio e fruttosio) e il nettare si avvicina sempre piú al miele.

Ci siamo quasi, no?

Non si tratta ancora di miele, devi pazientare un attimino, é ancora troppo liquido. Ora, non so se hai mai preparato una marmellata (io sí, se non l’hai mai fatto, dovresti provarci! A parte la soddisfazione di mangiare una marmellata fatta da te, ma poi…vuoi mettere che buona?) comunque… All’inizio é super liquida, non é ancora marmellata. Ecco, stessa cosa anche qui: é una sostanza altamente zuccherina, ma ancora troppo acquosa per essere considerata miele. Quindi che si fa? Le api la immagazzinano, per lasciarla maturare. Per le api, gran parte di quel miele é una scorta per l’inverno. Nel corso della loro evoluzione hanno creato questa gestione delle risorse, una vera e propria procedura di immagazzinamento. Quindi hanno una sorta di immenso scaffale costituito da tante cellette esagonali, dove mettono questa sostanza zuccherina molto acquosa, per lasciarla maturare. Attuano un meccanismo di maturazione e concentrazione di zuccheri che evitano il deterioramento a breve termine del prodotto.

Geniale, non trovi?

Per noi che abbiamo frigo, freezer, conservanti, …é fin troppo semplice pensare a una lunga conservazione. Tuttavia, nel mondo degli animali non é un qualcosa da dare per scontato. Mi ha fatto riflettere su questo punto un apicoltore, Paolo Spiccalunto, durante uno dei tanti webinars seguiti. Come ha sottolineato Spiccalunto, di solito gli animali, mangiano nell’immediato – non pensano a metodi di conservazione per evenienze future, giusto? Invece le api hanno anche questo punto in piú, proprio in virtú dell’essere un organismo sociale e dell’affrontare insieme le difficoltá, hanno escogitato un modo per assicurarsi la lunga conservazione del miele e quindi la loro sopravvivenza.

Ma quindi quando il miele é da considerarsi maturo?

Come fanno il miele le api? ecco qua un favo pieno di miele pronto da smielare!
Favo con cellette chiuse e pronte da smielare

Il miele é maturo quando la componente acquosa non é piú cosí preponderante. C’é un bel caldino nell’arnia, sai? Le api si danno da fare per mantenere una temperatura costante intorno ai 35 gradi. Inoltre, riescono a diminuire l’umiditá interna (e asciugare pian piano il miele) grazie alla ventilazione tramite il battito delle loro ali. Insomma, tutta quell’acqua che si trova nel nettare pian piano evapora e il miele raggiunge la maturazione quando si ha una percentuale di acqua pari a circa il 17%. Quando la sostanza messa nelle celle raggiunge tra il 17-19% di componente acquosa, si puó considerare ufficialmente miele maturo. Tant’é che le api che fanno? A mo’ di marmellata pronta e invasettata, chiudono la celletta con uno strato di cera. Ed eccoci qua, miele pronto e puro al 100%.

Sí ma aspetta un attimo…e io come faccio a capire quando é maturo??

Il bravo apicoltore deve fare attenzione a prelevare il miele al momento giusto, ovvero quando é maturo. Beh sicuramente un modo per capire che é a buon punto, é quando le cellette iniziano ad essere – si dice – opercolate, ovvero quando hanno questo strato di cera (detto opercolo) a fare da tappo. Un altro metodo é l’utilizzo del rifrattometro. Una sorta di monocolo magico. Si preleva con una pipetta una goccia di miele, la si appoggia sul vetrino del rifrattometro e si guarda in direzione del sole. Per me che sono una pippa in fisica (ma amante di Harry Potter), ti dico semplicemente che guardando in questo monocolo magico troverai una linea che, come per incanto, indicherá il grado di umiditá del miele e da lí ci si regola.

Insomma ora ti é un po’ piú chiara come gira la storia? Immaginiamo che con questo articolo hai scoperto qualcosa di nuovo…cosa ti ha colpito di piú? Ti va di raccontarcelo?

Ci farebbe tanto piacere leggere la tua risposta qua sotto 🙂

Un abbraccio,

i Gäblini

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